पाठ 31: Grammar 3: Clauses (उपवाक्य)

Chapter 3 : CLAUSES (Complex Sentences)

CHAPTER : 3

CLAUSES

[Complex Sentences]

1. Introduction—परिचय

एक Clause (उपवाक्य), एक sentence (वाक्य) का वह word-unit (शब्द-इकाई) होता है जिसका अपना Subject (कर्ता) व Predicate (विधेय) होता है तथा एक complete sense (पूर्ण अर्थ) देता है। एक sentence में, एक clause भी हो सकता है या एक से अधिक clauses भी हो सकते हैं जिन्हें आमतौर पर एक conjunction (संयोजक) से जोड़ा जाता है जो उनके मध्य के सम्बन्ध को दर्शाता है।

Kinds of Clauses :

(a) Principal Clause—वह clause जिसमें वाक्य का main verb होता है तथा जिसका अर्थ स्वतः स्पष्ट हो जाता है; अर्थात् यह अपने अर्थ के लिए दूसरे clause पर निर्भर नहीं करता है उसे Principal Clause कहते हैं। इसे main clause अथवा Independent Clause भी कहते हैं।

Example : They rested when evening came. (They rested, principal clause है।)

(b) Co-ordinate Clause—Co-ordinating Conjunction (जैसे—and, but, as well as, yet, either....or, neither...nor etc.) से जुड़े हुए clause को co-ordinate clause कहा जाता है। इसका सम्बन्ध Principal और Subordinate Clause दोनों से हो सकता है।

Example : We went to Pushkar fair and bought a camel.

(उपरोक्त कथन में 'and bought a camel' co-ordinate clause है।)

(c) Subordinate Clause—वह clause जो अपने अर्थ के लिए Principal Clause पर निर्भर करता है तथा sub-ordinate conjunction (जैसे—that, if, as if, whether, until, unless, lest, when, where, because etc.) से शुरू होता है उसे Subordinate Clause कहते हैं। उपरोक्त clauses का जब एक ही sentence में प्रयोग किया जाता है तो निम्न प्रकार के वाक्यों का निर्माण होता है।

(i) Simple sentence—इस sentence में सिर्फ एक ही clause (principal clause) होता है तथा यह स्वयं अपना पूर्ण अर्थ देता है।

(ii) Compound sentence—इस sentence में एक principal clause व एक अथवा एक से अधिक co-ordinate clauses होते हैं।

(iii) Complex sentence—इस sentence में एक principal clause व एक अथवा एक से अधिक Subordinate clauses होते हैं जो subordinating conjunction-that, if, whether, wh-word, because, so that, though आदि से जुड़े होते हैं।

(iv) Mixed sentence—इस sentence में एक principal clause, एक अथवा एक से अधिक Co-ordinate clauses व एक अथवा एक से अधिक Subordinate clauses होते हैं।

[चूँकि आपके पाठ्यक्रम में सिर्फ Complex sentences (जटिल वाक्य) ही दिए गए हैं अतः यहाँ पर Complex sentences की वाक्य रचना ही समझाई जा रही है।]

2. Complex sentences—जटिल वाक्य

Examples—उदाहरण

(i) ,

(ii) ,

Clauses—Class 10

(iii) When it is hot, the roads are empty.

Sub Clause (Adverb Clause of Time) Main Clause

(iv) This is Radha, who lives in Jaipur.

Main Clause Sub Clause (Relative Clause)

Explanation

- उपयुक्त सभी उदाहरणों से स्पष्ट है कि एक complex sentence एक larger sentence (बड़ा वाक्य) होता है जिसमें कम से कम एक main clause तथा एक sub clause होता है।

- उपयुक्त सभी उदाहरणों से स्पष्ट है कि एक complex sentence का Sub clause, एक noun clause या एक adverb clause या एक relative clause भी होता है।

Complex Sentence में clause का उपयोग निम्न प्रकार होता है—

2.1. Noun clauses—संज्ञा उपवाक्य

आप जान चुके हैं कि noun clause एक complex sentence में एक sub clause होता है। प्रत्येक वाक्य में, noun clause, एक noun के रूप में कार्य करता है। Noun clause की रचना के लिए निम्नलिखित clause structure (उपवाक्य संरचना) का प्रयोग किया जाता है—that/wh-word + subject + predicate. व्याकरण की दृष्टि से, एक वाक्य में noun clause विभिन्न positions में कार्य करता है, जैसे—

2.1.1. As a subject of a verb—क्रिया के कर्ता के रूप में

(i) The earth is round. It is known to all. (that से जोड़ें)

Ans. known to all.

(ii) ......(What/When/That) the earth is round is known to all.

(कोष्ठकों में दिए शब्दों में से सही शब्द से रिक्त स्थान भरें)

Ans. That the earth is round is known to all.

(iii) The thief got in. It is a mystery. (how से जोड़ें)

Ans. a mystery.

(iv) ......(What/How/Who) the thief got in is a mystery.

(कोष्ठकों में से सही शब्द से रिक्त स्थान भरें)

Ans. How the thief got in is a mystery.

(v) She will agree. It is doubtful. (whether से जोड़ें)

Ans. doubtful.

(vi) ......(Whatever/Whether/Who) she will agree is doubtful.

(कोष्ठकों में से सही शब्द से रिक्त स्थान भरें)

Ans. Whether she will agree is doubtful.

2.1.2. As an object of a transitive verb—सकर्मक क्रिया के कर्म के रूप में

(i) We know. Corona has spread all over the world. (that से जोड़ें)

Ans. We

(ii) I don’t know. She has gone. (where से जोड़ें)

Ans. I don’t

(iii) I forgot.......(who/whose/whom) told me this.

(कोष्ठकों में से सही शब्द से रिक्त स्थान भरें)

Ans: I

2.1.3. As a subject complement of 'be' (is/are/am/was/were)—

क्रिया be के कर्ता विधेयार्थ (पूरक) के रूप में

(i) My opinion is this. He is guilty. (that से जोड़ें)

Ans. My opinion

(ii) The problem was......(how/who/whose) the trees were to be saved.

Ans. The problem

नोट—Subject complement एक noun clause होता है जो subject से सन्दर्भानुसार सम्बन्ध दर्शाता है।

2.1.4. After a preposition—पूर्वसर्ग के बाद

(i) She listened to. I said. (what से जोड़ें)

Ans. She listened

(ii) He inquired about.....(who/whose/where) the bus was going.

Ans. He inquired

नोट—We can't use a 'that-clause' after a preposition.

2.1.5. In apposition to a noun or pronoun—संज्ञा या सर्वनाम के समानाधिकरण के रूप में

(i) He conveyed the news. She is happy. (that से जोड़ें)

Ans. He conveyed

(ii) You shouldn't forget this. God is omnipotent. (that से जोड़ें)

Ans. You shouldn't forget

(iii) The news ........ (who/whose/that) she is dead came as a shock.

Ans. The news came as a shock.

2.1.6. We can use a "that-clause" after some adjectives—afraid, amused, annoyed, anxious, aware, certain, confident, conscious, convinced, delighted, determined, eager, glad, happy, horrified, impatient, pleased, proud, sorry, sure, surprised, willing.

(i) I am glad. You got success. (that से जोड़ें)

Ans. I am

(ii) I was sure.......(that/who/whom) she would come.

Ans. I was

EXERCISE 1

Combine the following pairs of sentences using the word given in the brackets.

1. It is important. You get up early. (that)

2. She will come. It is uncertain. (when)

3. He asked me. I needed his help. (whether)

4. The question is. We should solve it. (how)

5. There is a belief. A serpent is a god. (that)

Answers to Exercise : 1

1. It is important that you get up early.

2. When she will come is uncertain.

3. He asked me whether I needed his help.

4. The question is how we should solve it.

5. There is a belief that a serpent is a god.

2.2. Adverb clause of condition—शर्त वाले क्रिया-विशेषण उपवाक्य

जब कोई clause (उपवाक्य) किसी condition (शर्त या स्थिति) को दर्शाता है तो उसे Adverb clause of condition कहते हैं। यह principal clause की verb को एक condition के आधार पर निर्धारित करता है।

[नोट- यह clause अक्सर if, unless, provided that, in case, on condition that, as long as आदि शब्दों से आरम्भ होता है।]

2.2.1. 'If' clause—

If (यदि) का प्रयोग किसी शर्त को प्रस्तुत करने के लिए किया जाता है।

उदाहरण—

(i) You work hard. You will succeed. (if से जोड़ें)

Ans.

OR

(ii) You will succeed .................... (if/unless/in case) you work hard.

(कोष्ठकों में से सही शब्द से वाक्य पूरा करें)

Ans. You will succeed if you work hard.

2.2.2. Unless (यदि नहीं/अगर नहीं) Clause

Unless का उपयोग नकारात्मक शर्त (condition) दर्शाने के लिए किया जाता है। यह If not का अर्थ देता है। इसमें नकारात्मक भाव छुपा होता है, इसलिए 'not' का अलग से प्रयोग नहीं होता है।

उदाहरण—

(i) You do not study. You will fail. (unless से जोड़ें)

Ans.

(ii) You will fail .................... (if in case/unless) you work hard.

Ans.

2.2.3. 'in case' (अगर ऐसा हुआ तो) clause

इसका प्रयोग किसी अप्रत्याशित या संभावित स्थिति को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।

उदाहरण—

(i) She always keeps candles. There is a power failure. (in case से जोड़ें)

Ans: She always keeps condles in case there is a power failure.

(i) Mohan always kept his mobile with him ............... (if/unless/in case) his friend called him.

Ans:

2.2.4. 'Provided that' (बशर्ते कि) Clause

इसका प्रयोग तब किया जाता है जब कोई विशेष शर्त पूरी होने पर ही कोई कार्य संभव हो। यह मुख्य रूप से permission देने के लिए use होता है।

उदाहरण—

(i) Children can play here. They break no plants. (provided that से जोड़ें)

Ans:

नोट—Provided that के ही अर्थ में on condition that का use भी किया जा सकता है।

उदाहरण—

(ii) You can join the team. You follow the rules. (on condition that से जोड़ें)

Ans:

2.2.5. 'As long as' / 'So long as' (जब तक कि) Clause

जब कोई कार्य एक विशेष स्थिति तक ही सीमित होता है, तब इनका प्रयोग किया जाता है।

उदाहरण—

(i) People will trust you. You remain honest. (As long as से जोड़ें)

Ans:

(ii) Manoj can live here................ (unless/as long as/in case) he obeys me.

Ans:

EXERCISE 2

Combine the following pairs of sentences using the word given in the brackets.

1. You help others. You will be loved. (if)

2. He had followed the schedule. He would have succeeded. (if)

3. You do not build character. You can't progress. (unless)

4. The train is delayed. Call me. (in case)

5. You respect others. You will be respected. (as long as)

6. Ankit studies sincerely. He will succeed. (provided that)

7. Babita listens to her teachers' advice. She will avoid mistakes. (on condition that)

8. It rains heavily. The match will be postponed. (if)

9. Rakesh does not leave now. He will not reach on time. (unless)

10. Richa helps me. I will complete the project. (if)

Answers to Exercise : 2

1. If you help others, you will be loved.

2. He would have succeeded if he had followed the schedule.

3. Unless you build character, you can't progress.

4. Call me in case the train is delayed.

5. You will be respected as long as you respect others.

6. Ankit will succeed provided that he studies sincerely.

7. Babita will avoid mistakes on condition that she listens to her teachers' advice.

8. If it rains heavily, the match will be postponed.

9. Unless Rakesh leaves now, he will not reach on time.

10. I will complete the project if Richa helps me.

2.3. Adverb clause of time—समय वाले क्रिया-विशेषण उपवाक्य

इनके आरम्भ में निम्न conjunctions of time का प्रयोग किया जाता है—

when, as, since, after, hardly/scarcely.....when, no sooner....than, the sooner, till/until, as soon as/immediately, before, while, just as

2.3.1. When

* 'When' is used to indicate that one action follows another.

जब दूसरा कार्य पहले कार्य का परिणाम हो तो when का प्रयोग करते हैं।

(i) The sun rises. The darkness disappears.

Ans. When the sun rises, the darkness disappears.

* 'When' is used in the sense of 'during a period of time'.

'एक अवधि के दौरान' के अर्थ को व्यक्त करने के लिए when का प्रयोग करते हैं।

(i) It is winter. We feel cold.

Ans. When it is winter, we feel cold.

* 'When' is used for a complete action.

एक पूर्ण कार्य के लिए हम when का प्रयोग करते हैं।

(i) I was cycling along. I saw a bear.

Ans. I was cycling along when I saw a bear.

* 'When' can also mean 'every time'. 'प्रत्येक बार' के अर्थ में

(i) I enjoy a cycle ride. It is fine.

Ans. I enjoy a cycle ride when it is fine.

2.3.2. As

* When the second action occurs before the first is finished.

प्रथम action के पूर्ण होने से पूर्व ही दूसरा action आरम्भ हो जाए।

(i) She left the shop. She remembered her shopping.

Ans. As she left the shop, she remembered her shopping.

* For parallel actions—साथ-साथ जारी रहे कार्यों के लिए।

(i) She talked on the mobile. She drove the car.

Ans. She talked on the mobile as she drove the car.

* For parallel development—साथ-साथ जारी रहे परिवर्तनकारी कार्यों के लिए।

(i) The sun set. The darkness appeared.

Ans. As the sun set, the darkness appeared.

* To mean 'while' (during the time that) 'उस समय' के अर्थ में

(i) I studied continuously, I learnt the topic.

Ans. As I studied continuously, I learnt the topic.

(ii) As (After/Till/As) I studied continuously, I learnt the topic. (रिक्त स्थान भरना)

2.3.3. Since

* 'Since' is used after the perfect tense clause.

(i) I haven't played. I left college.

Ans. I haven't played since I left college.

(ii) I haven't played since (since/as/when) I left college. (रिक्त स्थान भरना)

2.3.4. After

* 'After' is often followed by perfect tenses.

‘after’ के बाद अक्सर perfect tense आते हैं।

(i) I had revised the lesson. I did exercises.

Ans. After I had revised the lesson, I did exercises.

(ii) After (Before/After/Since) I had revised the lesson, I did exercises.

(रिक्त स्थान भरना)

2.3.5. Hardly/Scarcely/Barely.....when, No sooner....than

* एक कार्य पूर्ण हुआ भी नहीं कि दूसरे कार्य का उस पर प्रभाव आ गया।

(i) I had reached school. The bell rang.

Ans. I had hardly reached school when the bell rang.

OR

Hardly had I reached school when the bell rang.

OR

No sooner did I reach school than the bell rang.

OR

No sooner had I reached school than the bell rang.

2.3.6. As soon as, immediately

जब दो कार्य, एक के बाद दूसरा घटित हुआ हो।

(i) I reached school. The bell rang.

Ans. As soon as I reached school, the bell rang.

(ii) Tell me. You have any news.

Ans. Tell me immediately you have any news.

(iii) Tell me immediately (since/after/immediately) you have any news.

(रिक्त स्थान भरना)

2.3.7. The sooner

* पहले समय वाले action का प्रभाव दूसरे action पर हो।

(i) We start. The sooner we'll reach there.

Ans. The sooner we start, the sooner we'll reach there.

(ii) The sooner (After/Since/The sooner) we start, the sooner we'll reach there. (रिक्त स्थान भरना)

2.3.8. Till/Until

* To talk about a situation or state that will continue upto a certain moment.

एक स्थिति या अवस्था जो एक निश्चित समय तक जारी रहेगी।

(i) I'll wait. I hear from you.

Ans. I'll wait till/until I hear from you.

(ii) I'll wait till (till/after/since) I hear from you. (रिक्त स्थान भरना)

2.3.9. Before

* before के बाद present tense होने पर future का meaning देता है।

(i) She will inform. She leaves the city.

Ans. She will inform before she leaves the city.

* before के बाद perfect tense का use कार्य के पूर्ण होने का संकेत देता है।

(i) She can't go. She has completed her work.

Ans. She can't go before she has completed her work.

* To talk about the things that don't happen (because something stops them) वे बातें जो घटती नहीं हैं।

Clauses—Class 10

(i) He left. I could request for help.

Ans. He left before I could request for help.

- दो actions में, later action के साथ

(i) The patient had died. The doctor came.

Ans. The patient had died before the doctor came.

(ii) The patient had died before (after/till/before) the doctor came. (रिक्त स्थान भरना)

2.3.10. While

- With simultaneous actions साथ-साथ हो रहे कार्यों के लिए।

(i) They were sleeping. The thieves broke into the house.

Ans. While they were sleeping, the thieves broke into the house.

(ii) While (Till/While/Before) they were sleeping, the thieves broke into the house. (रिक्त स्थान भरना)

2.3.11. Just as

- At the exact moment के अर्थ में

(i) We came out of the school. The rain started.

Ans. Just as we came out of the school, the rain started.

(ii) Just as (Since/Till/Just as) we came out of the school, the rain started. (रिक्त स्थान भरना)

EXERCISE 3

Combine the following pairs of sentences using the word given in the brackets.

1. I got up. The sun rose. (when)

2. He read the passage. He highlighted the important information. (as)

3. I haven't composed a song. I left films. (since)

4. She attempted answers. She had read the passage. (after)

5. He had sat down. He felt pain. (barely.....when)

6. They came in. The rain stopped. (as soon as)

7. Wait here. She returns. (till)

8. We had reached. The sun rose. (before)

9. I was studying. My sister was playing. (while)

10. She stepped on a banana skin. She fell down. (just as)

Answers to Exercise : 3

1. I got up when the sun rose.

2. As he read the passage, he highlighted the important information.

3. I haven't composed a song since I left films.

4. She attempted answers after she had read the passage.

5. He had barely sat down when he felt pain.

6. As soon as they came in, the rain stopped.

7. Wait here till she returns.

8. We had reached before the sun rose.

9. I was studying while my sister was playing.

10. Just as she stepped on a banana skin, she fell down.

2.4 Adverb clause of place—स्थानवाचक क्रियाविशेषण उपवाक्य

यह अक्सर Where और wherever sub-ordinate conjunctions से प्रारम्भ होता है। यह बताता है कि कोई क्रिया कहाँ हो रही है।

2.4.1. Where

- 'Where' का प्रयोग Main clause और subordinate clause को जोड़ने के लिए किया जाता है। यह वाक्य में बताता है कि कोई कार्य कहाँ हुआ है?

उदाहरण—

(i) She stayed. She felt comfortable. (where से जोड़ें)

Ans:

(ii) Put the book. It belongs. (where से जोड़ें)

Ans:

2.4.2. Wherever ( जहाँ कहीं भी )

- यह किसी निश्चित स्थान को न बताकर, किसी भी स्थान (any place) की बात करता है।

उदाहरण—

(i) Keep your shoes. You like. (wherever से जोड़ें)

Ans: (किसी भी स्थान पर)

(ii) I will follow you. You go. (wherever से जोड़ें)

Ans: (किसी भी स्थान पर)

2.5. Adverb Clause of cause or Reason—कारण या तर्कवाचक क्रियाविशेषण उपवाक्य

- यह बताता है कि कोई क्रिया क्यों हुई? यह clause अक्सर because, since, as और for sub-ordinate conjunctions से प्रारम्भ होता है।

उदाहरण—

(i) He left early. He was feeling unwell. (because से जोड़ें)

Ans:

(ii) It was raining. We stayed at home. (since से जोड़ें)

Ans: ,

2.6. Adverb clause of purpose—उद्देश्यवाचक क्रियाविशेषण उपवाक्य

- यह clause अक्सर so that, in order that अथवा lest (कहीं ऐसा ना हो कि) से आरम्भ होता है। यह clause बताता है कि कोई क्रिया किस उद्देश्य से हुई है।

उदाहरण—

(i) Aarti works hard. She may succeed. (so that से जोड़ें)

Ans:

(ii) Dinesh left early. He could catch the train. (in order that से जोड़ें)

Ans:

(iii) Walk carefully. You should fall down. (lest से जोड़ें)

Ans:

Clauses—Class 10

नोट—Lest स्वयं नकारात्मक अर्थ रखता है अतः इससे आरम्भ होने वाले clause में not का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।

2.7. Adverb clause of Result—परिणामवाचक क्रियाविशेषण उपवाक्य

- Adverb clause of Result वह subordinate clause होता है जो main clause के कार्य के Result (परिणाम) को दर्शाता है। इसे so.....that और such......that से जोड़ा जाता है।

2.7.1. 'So...........that'

- जब किसी विशेषण (adjective) या क्रियाविशेषण (adverb) के साथ 'so' का प्रयोग किया जाता है, तो यह कार्य की तीव्रता को दर्शाता है और 'that' के बाद परिणाम बताया जाता है।

उदाहरण—

(i) She was tired. She fell asleep immediately. (so.......that से जोड़ें)

Ans. She was

(ii) He spoke fast. We couldn't understand him. (so.......that से जोड़ें)

Ans. He spoke

2.7.2. 'Such............that'

- जब किसी विशेषण के बाद संज्ञा (noun) आती है, तो विशेषण से पहले 'such' का उपयोग किया जाता है, और फिर 'that' के बाद परिणाम बताया जाता है।

उदाहरण—

(i) It was a hot day. We stayed indoors. (such.......that से जोड़ें)

Ans. It was

(ii) Rajni told an interesting story. Everyone listened carefully. (such.......that से जोड़ें)

Ans. Rajni told

2.8. Adverb clause of comparison—तुलना दर्शाने वाला क्रियाविशेषण उपवाक्य

- यह clause दो वस्तुओं, व्यक्तियों या स्थितियों की तुलना करता है। यह than और as.......as के साथ प्रयोग किया जाता है। यह main clause को subordinate clause से जोड़ता है।

2.8.1. 'Than'

- जब किसी क्रियाविशेषण की तुलना की जाती है तो 'than' का उपयोग किया जाता है।

उदाहरण—

(i) He runs very fast. His brother runs even faster. (than से जोड़ें)

Ans. He runs

(ii) Rohit works very hard. His colleague does not work so hard. (than से जोड़ें)

Ans. Rohit works

2.8.2. 'As..............as'

- जब दो वस्तुओं, व्यक्तियों या स्थितियों में समानता दर्शाते हैं तो 'as.......as' का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

उदाहरण—

(i) This bag is heavy. That bag is equally heavy. (as.......as से जोड़ें)

--- | ---

Ans: This bag is as heavy as that bag is.

(ii) Sohan is very intelligent. His friend is equally intelligent. (as.......as से जोड़ें)

Ans. He is as intelligent as his friend is.

2.9. Adverb clause of concession—छूटवाचक क्रियाविशेषण उपवाक्य

* यह clause main clause में वर्णित कार्य के बावजूद किसी विपरीत स्थिति (contrast) को दर्शाता है। यह बताता है कि किसी बाधा या विरोध के बावजूद कार्य किया गया या स्थिति बनी रही। यह clause though, although, even though, while, whereas, even if आदि से जोड़ा जाता है।

2.9.1. ‘though’/‘Although’ ( हालाँकि )

* इनका प्रयोग यह बताने के लिए किया जाता है कि main clause की क्रिया किसी विपरीत परिस्थिति के बावजूद हुई।

उदाहरण—

(i) He was tired. He continued working. (although से जोड़ें)

Ans.

(ii) Champa is rich. She is not happy. (though से जोड़ें)

Ans.

2.9.2. ‘Even though’ ( यहाँ तक कि )

* जब जोर देकर विरोधाभास (strong contrast) दिखाना हो, तब ‘even though’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

उदाहरण—

(i) He is 70 years old. He is very active. (even though से जोड़ें)

Ans.

(ii) It was raining. They played football. (even though से जोड़ें)

Ans.

2.9.3. ‘Whereas’/‘while’ ( जबकि )

* जब दो विपरीत स्थितियों की तुलना करनी हो, तब ‘whereas’ या ‘while’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

उदाहरण—

(i) He likes tea. His wife prefers coffee. (whereas से जोड़ें)

Ans.

(ii) Ravi is hardworking. His brother is lazy. (whereas से जोड़ें)

Ans.

(iii) I was cleaning the room. She was making it dirty. (while से जोड़ें)

Ans.

2.9.4. ‘Even if’ ( भले ही )

* ‘Even if’ का अर्थ है ‘‘भले ही’’ या ‘‘चाहे कुछ भी हो’’। यह किसी ऐसी स्थिति को दर्शाने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है, जो किसी अन्य परिस्थिति से प्रभावित नहीं होती।

उदाहरण—

(i) Monica will go to work. It rains. ('even if' से जोड़ें)

Ans:

(ii) You apologize. He will not forgive you. ('even if' से जोड़ें)

Ans:

EXERCISE 4

Combine the following pairs of sentences using the word given in the brackets.

1. The storm was very strong. The trees were uprooted. (so.....that)

2. It was a hot day. We couldn't go outside. (such.......that)

3. Sarita is intelligent. Her brother is not equally intelligent. (than)

4. Rohan missed the train. He left home late. (because)

5. He took an umbrella. It was raining. (since)

6. You can park your car. You find a suitable spot. (wherever)

7. Rekha participated in the race. She had a leg injury. (though)

8. Aditi works extra hours. She can save money. (in order that)

9. The mountain was very high. We couldn't climb it. (so......that)

10. It was a boring movie. We left before it ended. (such......that)

11. Rinku was excited. It was his birthday. (since)

12. We reached the spot. The river joins the sea there. (where)

13. Abhishek is tall. His younger brother is equally tall. (as.......as)

14. Rakhi kept running. She was exhausted. (although)

15. We eat. We may live. (so that)

Answers to Exercise : 4

1. The storm was so strong that the trees were uprooted.

2. It was such a hot day that we couldn't go outside.

3. Sarita is more intelligent than her brother is.

4. Rohan missed the train because he left home late.

5. Since it was raining, he took an umbrella.

6. You can park your car wherever you find a suitable spot.

7. Though Rekha had a leg injury, she participated in the race.

8. Aditi works extra hours in order that she can save money.

9. The mountain was so high that we couldn't climb it.

10. It was such a boring movie that we left before it ended.

11. Since it was Rinku's birthday, he was excited.

12. We reached the spot where the river joins the sea.

13. Abhishek is as tall as his younger brother is.

14. Although Rakhi was exhausted, she kept running.

15. We eat so that we may live.

2.10 Relative Clauses—सम्बन्धवाचक उपवाक्य

Tom McArthur अपनी पुस्तक The Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992) में कहते हैं कि relative clause को एक relative word द्वारा introduce किया जाता है तथा relative clause तीन प्रकार के होते हैं—the adnominal relative clause, the sentential relative clause तथा the nominal relative clause.

2.10.1. The adnominal relative clause

Adnominal relative clause के दो मुख्य प्रकार हैं-(i) Restrictive/Defining relative clauses तथा (ii) non-restrictive/non defining relative clauses.

- Restrictive/Defining relative clause limits or defines the preceding noun. It implies that there are others of the same class also but we get information only about the discussed one.

Restrictive/Defining सम्बन्धवाचक उपवाक्य अपने से पूर्व आए noun को सीमित/परिभाषित करता है। इसमें यह निहित होता है कि समान वर्ग के अन्य भी हैं लेकिन हमें सूचना केवल परिचर्चित संज्ञा की ही मिलती है।

- Non-restrictive/Non-defining clause merely adds something to the preceding noun by giving some more information about it. It is written with commas. It implies that all are there and all are interested in the action.

- Non-restrictive/Non-defining सम्बन्धवाचक उपवाक्य अपने से पूर्व आए noun के बारे में कुछ और सूचना देता है। इसके साथ कोमा लगाया जाता है। इसमें यह निहित होता है कि सभी वहाँ हैं तथा सभी कार्य में रुचि रखते हैं।

- दोनों प्रकार के clauses के तुलनात्मक उदाहरण

1. were given sweets. (Restrictive)

2. were given sweets. (Non-restrictive)

- प्रथम वाक्य में यह निहित है कि केवल उन बच्चों को मिठाई दी गई जिन्होंने कार्यक्रम में भाग लिया जबकि वहाँ अन्य बच्चे भी थे जिन्होंने कार्यक्रम में भाग नहीं लिया। अतः इस उपवाक्य ने noun (the boys) को सीमित / परिभाषित कर दिया।

- दूसरे वाक्य में यह निहित है कि सभी बालक कार्यक्रम में उपस्थित थे और सभी ने मिठाई प्राप्त की।

2.10.1.1. Restrictive/Defining relative clauses : व्यक्तियों के साथ

Who या that का subject के तुरन्त बाद प्रयोग

(i) The boy was awarded. He topped the class. (who से जोड़ें)

Ans. was awarded.

(ii) The boy............(which/who/whose) topped the class was awarded.

(रिक्त स्थान भरने वाला उदाहरण)

Ans. The boy topped the class was awarded.

(नोट - All, everyone, everybody, none, nobody, those आदि के बाद that का प्रयोग किया जाता है।)

(iii) Everybody liked him. He/She knew him. (that से जोड़ें)

Ans. Everybody liked him.

[नोट-who या that के बाद सामान्यतः verb आती है।]

Who का object के तुरन्त बाद प्रयोग

(i) God helps those. They help themselves. (who से जोड़ें)

Ans. God helps

(ii) God helps those (which/whose/who) help themselves. (रिक्त स्थान भरना)

* Whom (जो कि एक object pronoun है) का subject के तुरन्त बाद प्रयोग

(i) The boy is my friend. You met yesterday. (whom से जोड़ें)

Ans. The is my friend.

(ii) The boy (which/whose/whom) you met yesterday is my friend. (रिक्त स्थान भरना)

(नोट-Whom के बाद सामान्यतः Relative Clause एक statement होता है।)

* Whom (जो कि एक object pronoun है) का object के बाद तुरन्त प्रयोग

(i) She is the lady. We saw at school. (whom से जोड़ें)

Ans. She is the .

* Whom या that का preposition के साथ प्रयोग

(i) The student is genius. I live . (whom/that से जोड़ें)

Ans. The student is genius.

OR

The student I live is genius.

(नोट-Preposition का प्रयोग whom से पहले तथा that वाले relative clause के अन्त में होता है। Whom बहुत formal है।)

* Whose, सम्बन्धकारक के रूप में subject के बाद

(i) Ganesh is an I.A.S. father is a carpenter. (whose से जोड़ें)

Ans. is an I.A.S.

(ii) Ganesh (who/whom/whose) father is a carpenter is an I.A.S. (रिक्त स्थान भरना)

(नोट-Whose के बाद सामान्यतः noun का प्रयोग किया जाता है।)

* Whose सम्बन्धकारक के रूप में object के बाद

(i) I know Radha. daughter is a doctor. (whose से जोड़ें)

Ans. I know .

2.10.1.2. Restrictive/Defining relative clauses : वस्तुओं के लिए

* Which या that का subject के तुरन्त बाद प्रयोग

(i) The house is costly. is modern. (which से जोड़ें)

Ans. The is costly.

(ii) The house (which/who/whose) is modern is costly. (रिक्त स्थान भरना)

(iii) The picture was mine. caused sensation. (that से जोड़ें)

Ans. The was mine.

(नोट-Which अधिक formal है। Which या that के बाद सामान्यतः verb होती है। All, everything, little, much, none, no तथा superlatives के बाद that का प्रयोग करें।)

(iv) All the fruits are eaten by animals. They fall. (that से जोड़ें)

Ans: All the fruits are eaten by animals.

Which या that का object के तुरन्त बाद प्रयोग

(i) I had a dream. It came true. (which से जोड़ें)

Ans: I had a

Which या that का preposition के object के रूप में प्रयोग

(i) The branch is thin. You are sitting it. (which से जोड़ें)

Ans: The branch is thin.

OR

The branch is thin.

Whose सम्बन्धकारक के रूप में subject के तुरन्त बाद

(i) The room is mine. interior is fine. (whose से जोड़ें)

Ans: The is mine.

(ii) The room (who/whose/whom) interior is fine is mine. (रिक्त स्थान भरना)

Whose, सम्बन्धकारक के रूप में object के तुरन्त बाद

(i) I have a bag. chain is smooth. (whose से जोड़ें)

Ans: I have a

(ii) I have a bag (who/whose/whom) chain is smooth. (रिक्त स्थान भरना)

(नोट- Whose के बाद सामान्यतः noun होता है)

2.10.1.3. Non-restrictive/Non-defining relative clauses—व्यक्तियों के लिए

नोट— Non-restrictive/Non-defining clauses के दो वाक्यों को who, whose, whom, which/that से ठीक वैसे ही जोड़ना है जैसे कि Restrictive/Defining clauses में समझाया गया है। बस इस बात का विशेष ध्यान रखें कि Subject के बाद Relative clause आए तो निम्न उदाहरण के अनुसार rel. clause के आरम्भ होने से पूर्व व इसके अन्त में कोमा (,) लगाएँ। यदि object के बाद rel. clause आए तो उदाहरण के अनुसार rel. clause के आरम्भ होने से पूर्व ही कोमा (,) लगाएँ। अन्य कहीं और कोमा न लगाएँ।

Who का प्रयोग subject के तुरन्त बाद

(i) The boy is my brother. is in red shirt. (who से जोड़ें)

Ans: The , , is my brother.

(ii) The boy, (whose/whom/who) is in red shirt, is my brother.

(रिक्त स्थान भरना)

Who का प्रयोग object के तुरन्त बाद

(i) I played with the boys. They were in the garden. (who से जोड़ें)

Ans: I played with ,

(ii) I played with the boys, (whom/whose/who) were in the garden.

(रिक्त स्थान भरना)

Clauses-Class 10

Whom* का प्रयोग subject के तुरन्त बाद

(i) The student is genius. I praised <u>him</u>. (whom से जोड़ें)

Ans. The student is genius.

(ii) The student, (whose/which/whom) I praised, is genius.

(रिक्त स्थान भरना)

Whom* का प्रयोग object के तुरन्त बाद

(i) I know Mohan. You have given <u>him</u> your car. (whom से जोड़ें)

Ans. I know Mohan

(ii) I know Mohan, (whose/which/whom) you have given your car.

(रिक्त स्थान भरना)

Whom* का प्रयोग preposition के object के रूप में

(i) My wife is a stout lady. I bought a gift for <u>her</u>. (whom से जोड़ें)

Ans. My wife, is a stout lady.

Whose* सम्बन्धकारक के रूप में subject के तुरन्त बाद

(i) Sudha is a teacher. <u>Her</u> son is a doctor. (whose से जोड़ें)

Ans. Sudha is a teacher.

Whose* सम्बन्धकारक के रूप में object के तुरन्त बाद

(i) This is Sudha. <u>Her</u> son is a doctor. (whose से जोड़ें)

Ans. This is Sudha

(ii) This is Sudha, (who/whom/whose) son is a doctor. (रिक्त स्थान भरना)

2.10.1.4. Non-restrictive/Non-defining relative clauses—वस्तुओं के लिए

Which* का प्रयोग subject के तुरन्त बाद

(i) The stick has broken. <u>It</u> was thin. (which से जोड़ें)

Ans. The stick has broken.

(ii) The stick, (who/whose/which) was thin, has broken. (रिक्त स्थान भरना)

Which* का प्रयोग object के तुरन्त बाद

(i) She gave me this book. <u>It</u> is interesting. (which से जोड़ें)

Ans. She gave me this

(ii) She gave me this book, (who/whose/which) is interesting.

(रिक्त स्थान भरना)

Which* का प्रयोग preposition के object के रूप में

(i) The forest was thick. We went through <u>it</u>.

Ans. The forest, was thick.

(ii) The forest, through (who/whose/which) we went, was thick.

(रिक्त स्थान भरना)

- Whose सम्बन्धकारक के रूप में subject के तुरन्त बाद

(i) The car is mine. Its tyre is punctured. (whose से जोड़ें)

Ans. The , , is mine.

(ii) The car, (which/whose/who) tyre is punctured, is mine.

(रिक्त स्थान भरना)

- Whose सम्बन्धकारक के रूप में object के तुरन्त बाद

(i) I have sold the car. Its handbrake was not reliable. (whose से जोड़ें)

Ans. I have sold the , .

(ii) I have sold the car, (which/whose/who) handbrake was not reliable. (रिक्त स्थान भरना)

2.10.1.5. Relative adverbs—When (समय के लिए), where (स्थान के लिए), why (कारण के लिए), wherever (जहाँ कहीं भी)

Restrictive/Defining Clauses

(i) The house has been renovated. I used to live . (where से जोड़ें)

Ans. The house has been renovated.

(ii) The house (where/when/why) I used to live has been renovated.

(रिक्त स्थान भरना)

(iii) Do you remember the day? You were awarded. (when से जोड़ें)

Ans. Do you remember the ?

(iv) Do you remember the day (where/when/why) you were awarded?

(रिक्त स्थान भरना)

(v) The reason is that I work hard. I obtain best marks. (why से जोड़ें)

Ans. The is that I work hard.

(vi) I'll reach the place. You go. (wherever से जोड़ें)

Ans. I'll reach .

Non-restrictive/Non-defining clauses

(i) She came here in winter. It was very cold . (when से जोड़ें)

Ans. She came here in winter, when it was very cold.

(ii) He went to Ajmer. He stayed for a week. (where से जोड़ें)

Ans. He went to Ajmer, where he stayed for a week.

(iii) He went to Ajmer, (when/where/why) he stayed for a week.

(रिक्त स्थान भरना)

2.10.2. The sentential relative clause

The sentential relative clause एक noun को modify न करके, एक वाक्य के एक भाग का या उस पूरे वाक्य का ही उल्लेख करता है। एक sentential relative clause को introduce करने के लिए 'which' एक most common relative word है। अन्य relative expressions हैं-whereon, whereupon, from when, by when आदि। इसे कोमा (,) द्वारा अलग रखा जाता है। जैसे-

(i) She exercises for an hour a day. It would bore me. (which से जोड़ें)

Ans. She for an hour a day, . (वाक्य का एक भाग)

(ii) He kept on telling about his success. It annoyed all of us. (which से जोड़ें)

Ans. , . (पूरे वाक्य का उल्लेख)

Clauses-Class 10

2.10.3. The nominal relative clause

Nominal relative clause के relative word का कोई antecedent नहीं होता है क्योंकि antecedent तो relative word में ही fused होता है। जैसे-

(i) The prize will go to whoever (whatever/however/whoever) submits the best design.

(स्पष्टीकरण : the person who submits...........)

(ii) My son is teaching me how (who/however/how) to use email.

(स्पष्टीकरण : the way to use email)

(iii) He says whatever (however/whoever/whatever) he likes.

(स्पष्टीकरण : anything that he.....)

नोट— चूंकि इनमें antecedents नहीं होते हैं इसलिए इन्हें independent या free relative clauses भी कहा जाता है।

EXERCISE 5

Join the following sentences using the given relative word.

1. The student makes best career. He/She works hard. (who)

2. I like the company of a person. The person's thinking is positive. (whose)

3. The thinker is a real philanthropist. People follow him. (whom)

4. People like the book. It educates and entertains. (which)

5. The man is hated by all. He is dishonest. (that)

6. This is the dog. He killed the cat. (that)

7. My brother is reaching soon. He lives in Udaipur. (who—non-defining)

8. I live in the city. I study there. (where)

9. Yesterday was a day. Everything went wrong. (when)

10. This is the reason. She refused the offer. (why)

11. The world is getting smaller and smaller. It means that people understand each other better. (which)

12. I like it the best. It is football. (what)

EXERCISE 6

Combine the sentences using the words given in brackets :

1. Mitali is hard-working. Mitali is intelligent. (Use "not only ..... but also".) (Sec. Board Exam., 2026)

2. Anil is a rich person. Anil is unhappy. (Use "but".) (Sec. Board Exam., 2026)

3. He was very tired. He could not walk any further. (so ....... that) (Board Model Paper, 2025-26)

4. The boy is my best friend. He won the first prize. (who) (Board Model Paper, 2025-26)

5. The student works hard. He has bright future. (who)

6. I like the teacher. His teaching is effective. (whose)

7. She is the teacher. We saw her at school. (whom)

8. I like the school. It is modern. (which)

9. The girl is sitting on the chair. She is my sister. (who)

10. Her works are read widely. She is a well known author. (whose)

11. That book was a novel. The book inspired him much. (which)

12. She came then. I was leaving for school. (when)

13. I went everywhere. She accompanied me. (wherever)

14. My friend respected me very much. I gave him a book. (whom)

EXERCISE 7

Combine the sentences using the words given in brackets :

1. The woman was selling balloons. The police caught her. (whom)

2. Rajveer helps the needy people. He is liked by everybody. (who)

3. My mother reads the book. My uncle gave it to me. (which)

4. The woodcutter cut down the old tree. The tree was planted by my grandfather. (which)

5. Anil supported the movement. The movement was started by his friend. (that)

6. Kishore built a new house. He used marble tiles in it. (where)

7. Manisha taught English. She was a good teacher. (who)

8. The boy needs help. His father died last year. (whose)

9. The man was a shopkeeper. I helped the man. (whom)

10. Vipin sold the painting. He painted it overnight. (which)

11. She put off the lights. The children had slept. (when)

12. A girl has written this letter. You selected her. (whom)

13. We want to know. We are going somewhere. (where)

14. The girl is coming here. She is my sister. (who)

15. The boy is a beggar. You gave him food. (whom)

EXERCISE 8

Combine the sentences using the words given in brackets :

1. That is the teacher. He teaches us English. (who)

2. Here is a story. I want to tell it. (that)

3. He asked the passengers to push the car. The car was not starting. (that)

4. Kajal is an engineer. Her father was a grocer. (whose)

5. This is the road. This road leads to Jaipur. (that)

6. Satish is my brother. His essay has been selected for the competition. (whose)

7. The boy was intelligent. He topped the class. (who)

8. This is the hotel. We stayed here last month. (where)

9. Fortune favours the brave. It can be proved. (that)

10. He wouldn't say. He was going. (where)

11. We love everyone. None will be our enemy. (if)

12. Our adverse conditions don't improve. We make effort. (unless)

13. I read the newspaper. I take meal. (as)

14. They haven't talked. They quarrelled. (since)

15. Doesn't a student like the teachers? They help in making career. (who)

16. A student is loved by all. Her/His character is the best. (whose)

17. Business meetings are now held in English. It makes possible for Europeans to earn million dollars. (which)

18. Ram lives in Jaipur. His son is a minister. (whose)

EXERCISE 9

Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word from those given in the brackets :

1. The report is ....................... India will soon be a superpower. (who/which/that)

2. I am interested in ....................... I can earn fame. (after/whom/how)

3. We should insure our belongings ....................... they get stolen. (unless/in case/after)

4. You can use my books ....................... you take care of them. (which/provided that/unless)

5. We washed dishes ....................... we had taken meal. (after/while/until)

6. I had barely started work ....................... I felt pain. (when/if/who)

7. Hari ....................... you like is my best friend. (why/whom/which)

8. The pen ....................... you use is a costly one. (when/who/which)

9. This is the place ....................... Shakespeare was born. (while/till/where)

10. I drive this car ....................... is very luxurious. (what/which/before)

11. Teachers like the students ....................... work hard. (which/whom/who)

Clauses—Class 10 551

12. We can't be wealthy .................... we earn more. (if/in case/unless)

13. It is true .................... life has ups and downs. (that/what/which)

14. You are responsible for .................... you have done. (who/that/what)

15. We will go for a picnic tomorrow .................... it doesn't rain. (unless/if/in case)

EXERCISE 10

Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word from those given in the brackets :

1. I will wait for you .................... you tell me to. (wherever/because/so that)

2. Shalini found her lost cat .................... she had last seen it. (since/where/although)

3. He left early .................... he could catch the bus. (where/so that/than)

4. Babita studies hard .................... she may secure a scholarship. (because/if/so that)

5. It was .................... a difficult test that many students failed. (so/such/even if)

6. The music was .................... loud that we couldn't hear each other. (such/so/as)

7. Rajesh is taller .................... his brother. (so/than/as)

8. This book is .................... interesting as that one is. (as/than/as)

9. Rohan stayed at home .................... he was feeling sick. (because/that/although)

10. We wear warm clothes .................... we may not get cold. (since/so that/if)

11. Vinita missed her flight .................... she reached the airport late. (even if/though/because)

12. I was driving .................... she was sleeping. (while/than/that)

ANSWERS

[ नोट : Exercise 1 से 4 तक के Answers उनके साथ ही दिये जा चुके हैं।]

Answers to Exercise : 5

1. The student who works hard makes the best career.

2. I like the company of the person whose thinking is positive.

3. The thinker whom people follow is a real philanthropist.

4. People like the book which educates and entertains.

5. The man that is dishonest is hated by all.

6. This is the dog that killed the cat.

7. My brother, who lives in Udaipur, is reaching soon.

8. I live in the city where I study.

9. Yesterday was the day when everything went wrong.

10. This is the reason why she refused the offer.

11. The world is getting smaller and smaller, which means that people understand each other better.

12. What I like the best is football.

Answers to Exercise : 6

1. Mitali is not only hard-working but also intelligent.

2. Anil is a rich person but he is unhappy.

3. He was so tired that he could not walk any further.

4. The boy who won the first prize is my best friend.

5. The student who works hard has bright future.

6. I like the teacher whose teaching is effective.

7. She is the teacher whom we saw at school.

8. I like the school which is modern.

--- | ---

9. The girl, who is sitting on the chair, is my sister.

10. She is a well known author whose works are read widely.

11. The book, which inspired him much, was a novel.

12. She came when I was leaving for school.

13. She accompanied me wherever I went.

14. My friend, whom I gave a book, respected me very much.

Answers to Exercise : 7

1. The woman whom the police caught was selling balloons.

2. Rajveer who helps the needy people is liked by everybody.

3. My mother reads the book which my uncle gave me.

4. The woodcutter cut down the old tree which was planted by my grandfather.

5. Anil supported the movement that was started by his friend.

6. Kishore built a new house where he used marble tiles.

7. Manisha who taught English was a good teacher.

8. The boy whose father died last year needs help.

9. The man whom I helped, was a shopkeeper.

10. Vipin sold the painting which he painted overnight.

11. She put off the lights when the children had slept.

12. The girl whom you selected, has written this letter.

13. We want to know where we are going.

14. The girl who is coming here is my sister.

15. The boy whom you gave food is a beggar.

Answers to Exercise : 8

1. That is the teacher who teaches us English.

2. Here is a story that I want to tell.

3. He asked the passengers to push the car that was not starting.

4. Kajal whose father was a grocer is an engineer.

5. This is the road that leads to Jaipur.

6. Satish is my brother whose essay has been selected for the competition.

7. The boy who topped the class was intelligent.

8. This is the hotel where we stayed last month.

9. It can be proved that fortune favours the brave.

10. He wouldn't say where he was going.

11. If we love everyone, none will be our enemy.

12. Our adverse conditions don't improve unless we make effort.

13. I read the newspaper as I take meal.

14. They haven't talked since they quarrelled.

15. Doesn't a student like the teachers who help in making career?

16. A student whose character is the best is loved by all.

17. Business meetings are now held in English which makes, possible for Europeans to earn million dollars.

18. Ram whose son is a minister lives in Jaipur.

Answers to Exercise : 9

1. that 2. how 3. in case 4. provided that 5. after 6. when 7. whom 8. which 9. where 10. which 11. who 12. unless 13. that 14. what 15. if.

Answers to Exercise : 10

1. wherever 2. where 3. so that 4. so that 5. such 6. so 7. than 8. as 9. because 10. so that 11. because 12. while.