पाठ 28: Relative Pronouns (सम्बन्धवाचक सर्वनाम)

5. My sister was crossing the road when she $\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots$ (fall) down and hurt her knee.
6. The driver pushed the brake and the bus $\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots$ (stop)
7. We $\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots$ (do) it tomorrow.
8. He generally $\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots$ (go) to the office with me.
9. Our class teacher usually $\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots$ (wear) a Dhoti and a Kurta.
10. He usually $\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots$ (get up) early in the morning.

PRACTICE EXERCISE : 5

Fill in the blanks with correct form of verbs given in brackets with Simple Present, Past or Future Tense :

1. Margie even $\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots$ (write) about it that night in her diary.
2. When he $\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots$ (be) a little boy his grandfather had told about it.
3. A vegetarian is the person who never $\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots$ (eat) meat.
4. If it $\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots$ (rain), all will be happy.
5. If the soldiers $\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots$ (fight), they will win the battle.
6. He $\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots$ (feel) sorry when he hears this news.
7. His mouth $\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots$ (water) for the burfi that was his favourite sweet.
8. Tomorrow I $\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots$ (give) you some money so that you can buy your books.
9. Don't be afraid of examination. I am sure you $\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots$ (pass)
10. You can't tell what the fools $\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots$ (do) to you next.

ANSWERS

Answers to Practice Exercise : 1

1. takes 2. sets 3. will arrive 4. launches 5. celebrated 6. love 7. shall go 8. met 9. saw 10. comes

Answers to Practice Exercise : 2

1. makes 2. pulls 3. helps 4. smells 5. thinks 6. desires 7. appears 8. reached 9. Do not waste 10. will go

Answers to Practice Exercise : 3

1. do not live 2. does not heat 3. contains 4. bloom 5. melts 6. freezes 7. Do, like 8. do not close 9. sits 10. carries

Answers to Practice Exercise : 4

1. run 2. spend 3. cooks 4. enjoy 5. fell 6. stopped 7. shall do 8. goes 9. wears 10. gets up

Answers to Practice Exercise : 5

1. wrote 2. was 3. eats 4. rains 5. fight 6. will feel 7. watered 8. shall give 9. will pass 10. will do

जो Pronoun दो वाक्यों को जोड़ने का कार्य करे और उसका antecedent (पूर्ववर्ती) भी हो, वह Relative Pronoun कहलाता है। Relative Pronouns वाक्य अथवा वाक्य के अंशों को Conjunction की भाँति जोड़ते हैं इसलिए इन्हें 'Conjunctive Pronoun' भी कहा जाता है।

अंग्रेजी में Who, Which, Whose, Whom तथा That मुख्य Relative Pronoun हैं।

प्रश्न-पत्र में Relative Pronoun से सम्बन्धित प्रश्न दो प्रकार से पूछे जा सकते हैं; या तो प्रश्न रिक्त स्थान वाला हो सकता है अथवा दो वाक्यों को जोड़ने वाला हो सकता है।

मुख्य Relative Pronoun एवं उनका उपयोग निम्न प्रकार किया जाता है—

अर्थ—Relative Pronoun के रूप में who का अर्थ है—जो अथवा जिसने।

नियम—Who के प्रयोग के प्रमुख नियम निम्नलिखित हैं—

1. Who (whose, whom) सदैव व्यक्तियों के लिए ही आता है। वस्तुओं व जानवरों के लिए प्रयोग नहीं होता है।
2. Who (whose, whom) पर Gender का प्रभाव नहीं पड़ता है, अर्थात् पुरुष व स्त्री सभी के लिए प्रयोग में आता है।
3. Who (whose, whom) पर Number का प्रभाव भी नहीं पड़ता है—एकवचन तथा बहुवचन दोनों के साथ ही इसका प्रयोग होता है।

रिक्त स्थान में Who भरना—
दिये हुए रिक्त-स्थान के पहले कोई Noun (जैसे–Ram, Sita, My brother, Your sister..............) अथवा कोई Pronoun (जैसे-I, we, he, she.........) अवश्य होना चाहिए। रिक्त-स्थान के बाद कोई helping verb (जैसे-is, are, am, was, were, has, have ............) अथवा मुख्य verb अवश्य होना चाहिए।

Examples :

Q. 1. The woman $\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots\dots$ came in this hospital, is a patient.

Ans. who.

‘Who’ द्वारा वाक्यों को जोड़ना—

Q. 1. This is the student. The student won the prize.

Ans. This is the student who won the prize.

Use of WHICH

अर्थ—Relative Pronoun के रूप में which का अर्थ है-जो अथवा जिसे, अथवा जिस्ने।

नियम—Which के प्रयोग के मुख्य नियम निम्नलिखित हैं -

1. 'which' का प्रयोग जानवरों तथा वस्तुओं के लिए होता है।
2. 'which' पर Gender तथा Number का प्रभाव नहीं पड़ता है।

Examples :

Q. 1. I purchased a house $\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots$ was built last year, fell down.

Ans. which

‘Which’ द्वारा वाक्यों को जोड़ना—

Q. 1. This is the goat. The goat dances beautifully.

Ans. This is the goat which dances beautifully.

Q. 2. Hari drank milk. It made him strong.

Ans. Hari drank milk which made him strong.

Use of WHOSE

अर्थ—Relative Pronoun के रूप में Whose का अर्थ है-जिसका, जिसकी। whose का प्रयोग व्यक्तियों के लिए होता है, जानवरों व वस्तुओं के लिए प्रायः नहीं होता है।

नाम (जैसे Ram, Sita) अथवा व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा (जैसे teacher, doctor, boy, girl, student, $\text{man}\dots \dots \dots$) होती है। रिक्त स्थान के बाद में-कोई Noun हो तो रिक्त-स्थान में whose आयेगा।

ध्यान दें—दिए गये Q. में, उपर्युक्त Noun के तुरन्त बाद कोई Helping Verb अथवा मुख्य verb अवश्य दिया होता है।

रिक्त-स्थान के पहले नगर, देश, नदी, पर्वत, समुद्र अथवा इनका नाम हो तथा रिक्त स्थान के बाद कोई noun हो। अथवा यदि रिक्त-स्थान के पहले कोई वस्तु अथवा जानवर हो और रिक्त-स्थान के बाद noun हो।

Q. 1. Mukesh is a poet $\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots$ works are widely known.

Ans. whose

Q. 2. This is the man $\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots$ scooter was stolen the other day.

Ans. whose

Q. 3. Our country is India $\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots$ population is very much.

Ans. whose

‘Whose’ द्वारा वाक्यों को जोड़ना—

Q. 1. These are the parents. Their children study here.

Ans. These are the parents whose children study here.

Use of WHOM

अर्थ—Relative Pronoun के रूप में whom का अर्थ है-जिसे, जिसको, जिसके लिए।

‘Whom’—Pronoun की $\text{III Form}$ है। यह Verb तथा Preposition के Object का रूप होता है।

Examples :

Q. 1. Raju $\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots$ I helped in the examination is a weak student.

Ans. whom

Q. 2. Pinky $\dots \dots \dots \dots \dots$ he trusted very much, turned out to be an enemy spy.

Ans. whom

184

‘Whom’ द्वारा वाक्यों को जोड़ना—
Q. 1. These are the teacher. All respect them.
Ans. These are the teacher whom all respect.

अर्थ—Relative Pronoun के रूप में that का अर्थ है-जो, जो कि
ध्यान दें—(1) who, whose, whom का प्रयोग केवल व्यक्तियों के लिए किया जाता है।
(2) which का प्रयोग सामान्यतः वस्तुओं व जानवरों के लिए किया जाता है।
(3) that (जो अथवा जो कि) का प्रयोग व्यक्तियों, वस्तुओं तथा जानवरों-सभी के लिए किया जाता है।

रिक्त-स्थान में that भरना
Interrogative Pronoun से वाक्य चालू हो—who, which, what ......... तो that का प्रयोग करो।
Superlative Degree + noun के बाद that का प्रयोग करो। only, same, all, nothing, little ........... आदि शब्दों के बाद that का प्रयोग करो।
यदि रिक्त स्थान के पहले कोई व्यक्ति तथा वस्तु या जानवर है अथवा वस्तु या जानवर के बाद कोई व्यक्ति है तो इनके तुरन्त बाद वाले रिक्त स्थान में that लगेगा।

ध्यान दो—1. Interrogative Pronoun प्रायः वाक्य के आरम्भ में आता है और प्रश्नवाचक अर्थ देता है, जैसे-who = कौन, which = कौनसा, what = क्या।
2. Relative Pronoun प्रायः वाक्य के बीच में आता है और अर्थ देता है-who = जो, which = जो, what = जो ......

Q. 1. Which is the car .......... you purchased?
Ans. that
Q. 2. What is it .......... you are afraid of?
Ans. that
Q. 3. Who is the man .......... helped you?
Ans. that
Q. 4. She is the best girl .......... passed the examination.
Ans. that
Q. 5. Mohan is my youngest son .......... lives with me.
Ans. that

‘That’ द्वारा वाक्यों को जोड़ना—
Q. 1. This is the toy. Hari has made it.
Ans. This is the toy that Hari has made.

Joining the following sentences using the relative pronoun given in the brackets :

1. The book is on the table. The book has a white wrapper. (which)
2. You met a man yesterday. The man was my father. (whom)
3. The Principal is noble. He is Padam Shri awardee. (who)
4. A person gets success. His thinking is positive. (whose)
5. Who is the lady? She supported the poor. (that)
6. Countries support their researchers. They develop new technologies. (who)
7. People like the social workers. Their actions are for welfare. (whose)
8. Teachers guide the students. They find them weak. (whom)
9. People buy the machine. It is useful for them. (which)
10. He lives with his only son. He is in army. (that)

Combine the following pairs of the sentences :

1. The boy is my friend. You met him. (Whom)
2. We know a lot of boys. They play here. (Who)
3. He is a famous scientist. Many books have been written about him. (whom)
4. Madam Curie is one of the greatest women. She discovered radium. (who)
5. The Principal is intellectual. I seek guidance from him. (Whom)
6. Swami Vivekanand lived only 39 years. He spread the message of humanity. (Who)
7. The boy got $90$ marks. I taught him. (whom)
8. They die young. God loves them. (whom)
9. Lata is my youngest daughter. She lives with me. (that)

Fill in the blanks with appropriate relative words :

English Class IX $\quad$ 185

1. I saw the man $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots .$. made this table. (whom/wh/who)
2. My brother $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ will be forty next month is a clerk. (who/whose)
3. The book $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ we bought today has no pictures. (whom/which)
4. There is the girl $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ father died yesterday. (whose/whom)
5. This is the house $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ he bought yesterday. (which/whom)
6. The people $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ are looking at that house are my friends. (who/whom)
7. I shall call the boy $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ ball is here. (whose/that)
8. The man $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ you met yesterday is my uncle. (who/whom)
9. This is the only donkey $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ brays much. (who/that)
10. This is the question $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ puzzled me. (who/which)
11. My parents as well as my relatives were present there, $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ supported me. (whom/who)

PRACTICE EXERCISE : 4

Join the following sentences using suitable Relative Pronouns :

Example : I met a tourist. He was from Scotland.
$\quad$ I met a tourist who was from Scotland.

1. We met a boy. His father was a doctor.
2. Here is a book. You must read it.
3. This is the boy. All like him.
4. He boarded the train. It was full of people.
5. He has found the watch. He lost it last week.
6. Where is the doctor? You were talking about him.
7. There is a cottage. A saint lives in it.
8. The fox saw a bunch of grapes. It was very high on the garden wall.

PRACTICE EXERCISE : 5

Supply the correct relative pronoun :

1. I found out the man $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ had stolen my watch.
   (a) which
   (b) what
   (c) who
   (d) whose
2. This is the boy $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ father died last week.
   (a) which
   (b) what
   (c) who
   (d) whose
3. This is chair $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ I bought in the Pushkar fair.
   (a) which
   (b) what
   (c) who
   (d) whose
4. My father $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ will be fifty next month is a clerk.
   (a) which
   (b) what
   (c) who
   (d) whose
5. The book $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ I bought at the book-fair is very costly.
   (a) which
   (b) whom
   (c) whose
   (d) who
6. The man, $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ I didn't know till last month is a very good friend of mine.
   (a) whom
   (b) which
   (c) whose
   (d) when
7. I don't know $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ the train will arrive.
   (a) when
   (b) what
   (c) whom
   (d) who
8. This is the teacher $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ teaches us Hindi.
   (a) who
   (b) whose
   (c) whom
   (d) which
9. I like students $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ are willing to learn.
   (a) which
   (b) whose
   (c) whom
   (d) who
10. I could not understand even a word of $\ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots \ldots$ he said.
    (a) when
    (b) that
    (c) which
    (d) what

ANSWERS

Answers to Practice Exercise : 1 :

1. The book which has a white wrapper is on the table.
2. The man whom you met yesterday was my father.
3. The Principal who is Padam Shri Awardee is noble.
4. A person whose thinking is positive gets success.
5. Who is the lady that supported the poor?
6. Countries support their researchers who develop new technologies.
7. People like the social workers whose actions are for welfare.
8. Teachers guide the students whom they find weak.
9. People buy the machine which is useful for them.
10. He lives with his only son that is in army.

Answers to Practice Exercise : 2 :

1. The boy whom you met is my friend.
2. We