पाठ 29: Determiners (निर्धारक शब्द)

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know a lot of boys who play here. 3. He about whom many books have been written is a famous scientist. 4. Madam Curie who discovered radium is one of the greatest women. 5. The Principal from whom I seek guidance is intellectual. 6. Swami Vivekanand who spread the message of humanity lived only 39 years. 7. The boy whom I taught got $90$ marks. 8. They whom God loves die young. 9. Lata is my youngest daughter that lives with me.

Answers to Practice Exercise : 3 :

1. who 2. who 3. which 4. whose 5. which 6. who 7. whose 8. whom 9. that 10. which 11. who

Answers to Practice Exercise : 4 :

1. We met a boy whose father was a doctor. 2. Here is a book which you must read. 3. This is the boy whom all like. 4. He boarded the train which was full of people. 5. He has found the watch which he lost last week. 6. Where is the doctor whom you were talking about? 7. There is a cottage in which a saint lives. 8. The fox saw a bunch of grapes which was very high on the garden wall.

Answers to Practice Exercise : 5 :

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d)

3. DETERMINERS

Meaning ( अर्थ )—Determiner शब्द की उत्पत्ति determine शब्द से हुई है जिसका अर्थ है निश्चय करना। अतः वे शब्द जो किसी संज्ञा (Noun) अथवा संज्ञा समूह (Noun-group) की पहचान करने उसका अर्थ परिसीमन करने अथवा अर्थ निश्चित करने के लिए प्रयोग किये जाते हैं, Determiners कहलाते हैं। ये हमेशा संज्ञा (Noun) से पहले आते हैं। सर्वनाम (Pronoun) से पहले इनका प्रयोग नहीं होता है। साथ ही ये बतलाते हैं कि वह संज्ञा एकवचन है अथवा बहुवचन, गणनीय है अथवा अगणनीय।

USAGES OF DETERMINERS

1. Articles : a, an, the

(A) a/an का प्रयोग निम्न अर्थों में होता है—
(i) ऐसे शब्दों के पहले 'a' का प्रयोग होता है जो consonant sound से आरम्भ होते हैं—

(a) She is a noble lady.
(b) It's a fine weather today.

(ii) ऐसे words के पहले 'an' का प्रयोग होता है, जो vowel sound से आरम्भ होते हैं—

(a) She eats an apple everyday.
(b) Srilanka is an island.

(iii) 'an' का प्रयोग ऐसे words के पहले करें जो mute 'h' से आरम्भ होते हैं—

(a) He came half an hour earlier.
(b) She was appointed an honorary secretary.

(iv) an का प्रयोग ऐसे individual letters से पहले करें जो vowel sound से आरम्भ होते हैं—

(a) It is an L-plate.
(b) She is an M.Sc.

(v) ऐसे Singular Countable Noun से पहले प्रयोग करें जो पूरे वर्ग (Whole Class) को represent करें—

(a) A car must be insured.
(b) A child needs love.
(c) An ox is a load puller animal.

(vi) Mr./Mrs./Miss + surname से पहले (क्योंकि इसमें यह अन्तर्निहित होता है कि वह speaker से अपरिचित है)

A Mr. Gupta came to meet you.

(B) 'The' के प्रयोग निम्न प्रकार हैं—
(i) ऐसे object या group of objects जो unique हैं, से पहले the का प्रयोग करें—

the earth, the sea, the sky, the equator, the stars

(ii) ऐसे nouns से पहले जो second time प्रयुक्त (mention) किये जाने के कारण definite हो गये हैं—

There was a king. The king was very kind.

(iii) ऐसे noun से पहले जिसमें phrase or clause जोड़कर उसे definite बना दिया जाता है—

(a) I like the girl in blue.
(b) The man with the flag is my uncle.

(iv) Superlatives के पहले—

(a) She is the best girl of the school.
(b) He is the most intelligent student of the school.

(v) Ordinals से पहले—

(a) Neil Armstrong was the first man who went into space.
(b) It will be completed by the second week of February.

(vi) the + adjective व्यक्तियों के एक समूह को represent करता है।
(a) The rich should help the poor.

(vii) कुछ निश्चित proper names of seas (सागर), rivers (नदी), groups of islands (द्वीप समूह), chains of mountains (पर्वत-शृंखला), plural names of countries (राष्ट्रों के बहुवचनात्मक नाम), deserts (मरुस्थल), regions (क्षेत्र) के पहले द लगाते हैं—

the Arabian sea, the Ganga (river),
(viii) समाचार पत्रों (newspapers), जहाजों (ships) के नामों से पहले—

the Times of India, the Titanic (ship)
(ix) दिशा east/west etc. से पहले, जब noun की तरह प्रयोग हो—

The sun rises in the east.
(x) Gulf/Bays, (खाड़ी), ocean (महासागर), canal (नहर),
waterfalls (जलप्रपात) etc. से पूर्व—
(xi) Great Books के Names से पहले—

the Ramayan, the Geeta, the wings of Fire.
(xiii) Historical places/buildings के नाम से पहले—

the Red Fort, the Hawamahal.

2. Demonstratives : This, That, These, Those

• This book is mine.
• That book is yours.
• These books are mine.
• Those books are yours.

3. Possessive : My, Our, Your, His, Her, Its, Their

• My father was a famous doctor.
• Our school shows brilliant results every year.
• Your brother is absent today.
• Their houses are newly built.

4. Distributives : Each, Every, Either, Neither
   Each, Every, Either, Neither का प्रयोग एकवचन गीय संज्ञाओं (singular countable nouns) के पहले किया जाता है।

इनके साथ singular verb ही काम में ली जाती है।
Each का प्रयोग दो या दो से अधिक व्यक्तियों अथवा वस्तुओं के लिए तब किया जाता है जब संख्या सीमित और निश्चित हो। Every दो से अधिक व्यक्तियों अथवा वस्तुओं के लिए प्रयुक्त होता है जब संख्या भी अनिश्चित हो। Every एक Group के बारे में संकेत देता है।

• Each player will play a game.

• Each boy must have his own book.

• Every word of a good Astrologer is true.

Every member of parliament appreciated the proposal.
Either का अर्थ है—दोनों में से कोई भी एक। अतः दो में से किसी भी एक के लिए either का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Neither का अर्थ है—दोनों में से कोई भी नहीं। अतः जब दोनों में से कोई भी नहीं का अर्थ हो तब neither का प्रयोग करते हैं। Neither में नहीं (No) का अर्थ पहले से है अतः इन वाक्यों में no अथवा not का प्रयोग नहीं करते हैं।

Either shirt was preferable.

Neither shirt was preferable.

5. Numerals : संख्या बताने वाले शब्द (Determiners)

6. some : इसका अर्थ है—a certain number अर्थात् 'कुछ'।
   (a) Read some books on grammar.
   (b) Don't you need some books?
   (c) Kindly, help me with some rupees.
   (d) Some boy has broken this glass.

7. Any : इसका अर्थ है a certain number अर्थात् 'कुछ' या 'कोई'।
   (a) She hasn't any friend.
   (b) Do you need any book on grammar?
   (c) Any person can help the poor.
   (d) I have never composed any poems.
   (e) Come to me if you need any book.
   (f) Books impart knowledge without any teacher.

8. few, a few, the few
   (1) few : यह नकारात्मक है और इसका अर्थ है not any (न के बराबर) किन्तु यह 'nil' का अर्थ नहीं रखता है।
   All praise sacrifice but few people are ready for it.
   (2) a few : यह सकारात्मक है और इसका अर्थ है a small number अर्थात् 'कुछ ही'।
   A few people are happy in this world.
   (3) the few : इसका अर्थ है not many but all that are there अर्थात् 'बहुत अधिक तो नहीं किन्तु वहाँ उपलब्ध सभी कुछ'।
   She has gone through the few books she has.

9. all, both
   (1) all : इसका अर्थ है 'सभी' [entirely]

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(a) कर्त्ता (subject) या क्रिया (verb) से पूर्व।
$\text{All}$ $\text{the world}$ $\text{is}$ $\text{a}$ $\text{stage}$.
$\quad \quad \text{sub.}$

(b) The students are $\text{all}$ $\text{reciting}$ poems.
$\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \text{verb}$

(2) Both : इसका अर्थ है— 'each of two'.
$\text{Both}$ $\text{the students}$ are equally cultured.

5. Many, several, various
   (1) Many : इसका अर्थ है—a large number of. एक ही श्रेणी (category) की अधिक संख्या के लिए many का use करें।

$\text{Many}$ $\text{men}$ mould their minds in life.

(2) Several : इसका अर्थ है— तीन से अधिक (more than three) अर्थात् 'कुछ' (some) किन्तु many से कम (but fewer than many)। एक ही श्रेणी (category) की सीमित (limited) संख्या के लिए several का use करें।
I have written $\text{several}$ $\text{books}$ about India.

(3) Various : इसका अर्थ है— भाँति-भाँति की अनेक (of several types, but unlike one another)। अलग-अलग श्रेणी (categories) की अधिक संख्या के लिए various का use करते हैं।
$\text{Various}$ $\text{subjects}$ are opted for studies.
नोट- उदाहरणों द्वारा इनके प्रयोग में अन्तर समझें—
$\text{Many}$ books are on the table. [एक ही विषय पर अनेक पुस्तकें]
$\text{Various}$ books are on the table. [भिन्न विषयों वाली अनेक पुस्तकें]।
$\text{Several}$ books are on the table. [एक ही विषय पर कुछ ही पुस्तकें]

6. A good many, a great many, many an/a
   (1) a good many : इसका अर्थ है- पर्याप्त संख्या में।

$\text{A good many}$ $\text{volunteers}$ are here.

(2) a great many : इसका अर्थ है— 'आवश्यकता से अधिक'।
$\text{A great many}$ $\text{volunteers}$ are here.

(3) Many an/a : इसका अर्थ है— 'बहुत से' (a large number of)।
People treat $\text{many an}$ $\text{animal}$ cruelly.

7. No, Enough
   (1) No : इसका अर्थ है, 'कुछ भी नहीं' (not any)।
   She wants $\text{no}$ $\text{book}$ now.

(2) Enough : इसका अर्थ है, 'पर्याप्त' (as many as necessary)

She has $\text{enough}$ $\text{dresses}$.

8. More, fewer
   (1) More : इसका अर्थ है, 'और अधिक' (to a greater degree)
   I need $\text{more}$ $\text{books}$ on grammar.

(2) Fewer : इसका अर्थ है, 'कम' (a small number)।
People buy $\text{fewer}$ $\text{cassettes}$ these days.

9. Another, Other
   (1) Another : इसका अर्थ है, additional या alternative.
   She is to face $\text{another}$ $\text{competitor}$.

(2) Other : इसका अर्थ है, additional, different आदि।
Don't you have $\text{other}$ $\text{dresses}$.

10. A number of, a large number of, a lot of, lots of, plenty of का अर्थ है, 'अधिक' (many)।
    I have a lot of/a number of/plenty of books.

11. Quantifiers : मात्रा बताने वाले determiners.
    (1) Some : इसका अर्थ है, 'कुछ' (a certain amount)
    (a) Everybody needs $\text{some}$ $\text{water}$ everyday.

(b) Doesn't everybody need $\text{some}$ $\text{water}$ everyday?

(c) Would/will you like to have $\text{some}$ $\text{juice}$?

(d) Give the beggar $\text{some}$ $\text{money}$, please.

(e) Have you $\text{some}$ $\text{gentleness}$? Yes, I have.

(2) Any : इसका अर्थ है, 'कुछ' (a certain amount)
(a) She hasn't $\text{any}$ $\text{gold}$.

(b) Do you have $\text{any}$ $\text{common sense}$?

(c) The car has $\text{hardly}$ / $\text{scarcely}$ / $\text{barely}$ $\text{any}$ $\text{petrol}$ in it.

(d) The earthquake passed on $\text{without}$ $\text{any}$ damage to property.

(3) Little : इसका अर्थ है, 'नगण्य' (not much) (uncountable के लिए प्रयोग करते हैं)
(a) There is $\text{little}$ $\text{milk}$ so you can't make tea.

(b) Your second suggestion is $\text{little}$ (not much) better than the first one.

(c) We $\text{little}$ $\text{think}$ about the sudden events.

(d) She is a little-known author.

(4) a little : इसका अर्थ है, 'कुछ' (a small amount)
(a) It $\text{rained}$ $\text{a little}$ yesterday.

(b) Being weak, he was $\text{a little}$ $\text{anxious}$ about his health.

(c) The sheet is a little $\boxed{\text{thinner}}$. Would you like to move a little slowly.
(d) There is a little $\boxed{\text{milk}}$ so you can prepare only two cups of tea.
(5) the little : इसका अर्थ है— 'not much but all that is there'. (अधिक नहीं किन्तु वहाँ जो भी है वह सारे का सारा।)
(a) She has spent the little $\boxed{\text{money}}$ $\boxed{\text{she had}}$.
(6) more : इसका अर्थ है, 'और अधिक' (to a greater amount)।
(a) You need $\underline{\text{more}}$ $\boxed{\text{strength}}$.
(b) She is more intelligent than Gyanvati.
(7) less : इसका अर्थ है, 'कम' [not so much]
(a) Intelligent students need $\underline{\text{less}}$ $\boxed{\text{guidance}}$.
(b) She has $\underline{\text{less}}$ $\boxed{\text{cleverness}}$ than her sister has.
(8) no : इसका अर्थ है, 'कुछ भी नहीं' (not any), मनाही।
(a) I get $\underline{\text{no}}$ $\boxed{\text{interest}}$ in gossips.
(b) No parking.
(9) enough : इसका अर्थ है 'पर्याप्त' (as much as necessary)।
(a) Most of us have $\underline{\text{enough}}$ $\boxed{\text{mind}}$ to understand a matter.
(b) She is $\boxed{\text{strong}}$ $\underline{\text{enough}}$ to win it.
(c) Nature has $\underline{\text{enough}}$ of $\boxed{\text{human intervention}}$, now stop it.
(10) a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a good deal of, a great deal of : इन सभी का अर्थ है, 'अत्यधिक'। People consume a lot of water everyday.
7. Interrogatives : What, Which
(1) What : इसका अर्थ है, 'क्या'।
(a) $\underline{\text{What}}$ $\boxed{\text{colour}}$ has the hotel?
(b) $\underline{\text{What}}$ $\underline{\text{a player}}$ Sachin is!
(2) Which : इसका अर्थ है, 'कौनसा या कौनसी या कौनसे' यह विकल्प (option) या प्रधानता (preference) पूछता है।
$\underline{\text{Which}}$ $\boxed{\text{book}}$ do you want?

PRACTICE EXERCISE : 1 :

Fill in the blanks with suitable determiners.

1. Today Tommy found ......... real book. (a/an)
2. The County Inspector gave Margie ............. apple. (a/an)
3. ............ the kids learnt the same thing. (All/Many)
4. Oh, I kept the first for ............. day! (neither/another)
5. Try to sense it ............. other way. (some/enough)
6. The new instrument was named .......... Shehnai. (a/the)
7. You look like ............. little brown owl. (a/an)
8. She discovered a great .............. sheets of fine paper. (some/many)
9. She put her ............. hands behind her back. (both/all)
10. He decided to study at ............. university in Zurich. (a/an)

PRACTICE EXERCISE : 2 :

1. The lost child ran to and fro for ............. while. (some/a)
2. He shrieked at .............. highest pitch of his voice. (the/enough)
3. Grandfather and I put him away in .............. little closet. (a/the)
4. ............. the boys ran into the classroom. (Many/All)
5. In a .............. hours, Toto tore out the wall papers. (few/little)
6. Mahendra enjoyed ............ most delicious dinner. (a/the)
7. There are ............. such things as ghosts or spirits. (any/no)
8. They went to buy ............. groceries. (some/any)
9. He is ............. old man now. (a/an)
10. He made so ............. excuses. (much/many)

PRACTICE EXERCISE : 3 :

Write the correct letter a, b, c or d of the correct answer :

1. Don't give me ......... more of that icecream.
   (a) any
   (b) some
   (c) little
   (d) a few
   ( )

2. I should like .............. apples.
   (a) some
   (b) any
   (c) few
   (d) little
   ( )

3. ......... six boys arrived late.
   (a) These
   (b) such
   (c) many
   (d) more
   ( )

4. ............ house is small.
   (a) These
   (b) My