4 Vocabulary Word Formation
आशय – Word-formation का शाब्दिक अर्थ है- शब्द का निर्माण । अंग्रेजी भाषा की एक विशेषता यह है कि एक शब्द से उसके विभिन्न रूपों का निर्माण किया जा सकता है। अंग्रेजी भाषा का एक ही शब्द आवश्यकतानुसार, Noun अथवा verb अथवा adverb अथवा adjective आदि के रूप में परिवर्तित किया जा सकता है।
इनसे सम्बन्धित प्रमुख नियम नीचे दिये जा रहे हैं
Formation of Nouns from Verbs
(क्रिया को संज्ञा में परिवर्तित करना)
1. Verb में-er जोड़कर, जैसे
teach + er = teacher
bind + er = binder
2. Verb में – जोड़कर, जैसे
write + r = writer
make + r = maker
3. Verb में -ment जोड़कर, जैसे
agree + ment = agreement
attach + ment = attachment
4. Verb में – ion जोड़कर, जैसे
collect + ion = collection
correct + ion = correction
5. Verb में – or जोड़कर, जैसे visit
+ or = visitor act
+ or = actor
6. Verb में -y जोड़कर, जैसे
discover +y = discovery
deliver + y = delivery
7. Verb में -ance जोड़कर, जैसे
allow + ance = allowance
assist + ance = assistance
8. Verb में-ure लगाकर, जैसे
enclose + ure = enclosure
fail + ure = failure
9. Verb में -ence जोड़कर, जैसे
differ + ence = difference
reside + ence = residence
10. Verb में से be– हटाकर, जैसे
befriend – be = friend
befool – be = fool
11. Verb में से en-हटाकर, जैसे
encircle – en = circle
endanger – en = danger
12. Verb में से – हटाकर- जोड़कर, जैसे
advise = advice
practise = practice
Formation of Nouns from Adjectives
(विशेषण से संज्ञा बनाना)
1. Adjective के अन्त में -ity जोड़कर, जैसे
regular + ity = regularity
real + ity = reality
2. Adjective के अन्त में -ty जोड़कर, जैसे
safe + ty = safety
royal + ty = royalty
3. Adjective के अन्त में -He हटाकर-ility जोड़ देने से, जैसे
Possible = possibility
noble = nobility
4. Adjective के अन्त में – हटाकर – ce जोड़ देने से, जैसे
excellent = excellence
innocent = innocence
5. Adjective के अन्त में -ness जोड़ देने से, जैसे
fat + ness = fatness
kind + ness = kindness
6. Adjective के अन्त में -y हटाकर —iness जोड़कर, जैसे
happy = happiness
lazy = laziness
Formation of Adjectives from Nouns
(संज्ञा से विशेषण बनाना)
1. Noun के अन्त में –IV जोड़ देने से, जैसे —
month + ly = monthly
year + ly = yearly
2. Noun के अन्त में -y जोड़ देने से, जैसे —
greed + y= greedy
rain + y= rainy
3. Noun के अन्त में -able जोड़ देने से, जैसे
eat + able = eatable
drink + able = drinkable
4. Noun के अन्त में – ful जोड़ देने से, जैसे
beauty + ful = beautiful
peace + ful = peaceful
5. Noun के अन्त में – ish जोड़ देने से, जैसे
black +ish = blackish
book + ish = bookish
6. Noun के अन्त में – less जोड़ देने से, जैसे
life + less = lifeless
use + less = useless
Formation of Verbs from Adjectives
(विशेषण से क्रिया बनाना)
1. Adjective के अन्त में -en जोड़ देने से, जैसे
en + able = darken
en + dear = harden
2. Adjective के आरम्भ में -en जोड़ देने से, जैसे
en + able = enable
en + dear = endear
Formation of Nouns from Nouns
1. Noun के अन्त में -ship जोड़ देने से, जैसे —
friend ship = friendship
teacher + ship = teachership
2. Noun के अन्त में -en जोड़ देने से, जैसे
boy + hood = boyhood
mother + hood = motherhood
3. Noun के अन्त में -ism जोड़ देने से, जैसे
Hindu + ism = Hinduism
Sikh + ism = Sikhism
Formation of Adverbs by adding
‘-ly’ to Adjectives
Adjective के अन्त में -ly’ जोड़कर Adverb बनाना, जैसे —
careful + ly = carefully
beautiful + ly = beautifully
Word Formation Based on Your Textbook
signify (v) – significant (adj.)
remember (v) – remembrance (n)
expensive (adj.) – expense (n)
restore (v) – restoration(n)
remove (v) – removal (n)
complete (v) – completion(n)
draw (v) – drawer (n)
cunous (adj.) – curiosity (n)
wonder (v) – wonderful (adj.)
beauty (n) – beautiful (adj.)
frost (n) – frosty (adj.)
opposite (adj.) – opposition (n)
stop (v) – stoppage (n)
occurrence (n) – occur (v)
play (v) – player (n)
perfect (adj.) – perfection (n)
favour (v) – favourite (adj.)
talk (v) – talker (n)
title(n) – entitle (v)
offer (v) – offerings (n)
recognise (v) – recognition (n)
family (n) – familial (adj.)
parents (n) – parental (adj.)
terror (n) – terrorise (v)
belief (n) – believe (n)
insane (adj.) – insanity (n)
memory (n) – memonise (v)
responsible (adj.) – responsibility (n)
important (adj.) – importance (n)
poor (adj.) – poverty (n)
occupational (adj.) – occupation (n)
thought (n) – thoughtful (adj.)
credible (adj.) – credibility (n)
anxious (adj.) – anxiety (n)
necessary (adj.) – necessity (n)
confident (adj.) – confidence (n)
affluent (adj.) – affluence (n)
imagine (v) – imagination (n)
emotion (n) – emotional (adj.)
dominance (n) – dominant (adj.)
jubilant (adj.) – jubilation (n)
sad (adj.) – sadness (n)
person(n) – personal (adj.)
delight (n) – delightful (adj.)
misery (n) – miserable (adj.)
energy (n) – energetic (adj.)
aloof (adj.) – aloofness (n)
adventure (n) – adventurous (adj.)
spiritual (adj.) – spirituality (n)
impatient (adj.) – impatience (n)
Practice Exercise 1.
Fill in the blanks with correct forms of the words given in brackets :
1. We travelled a long. ……… (distant)
2. The fawn might be ………. (hunger)
3. Fawn’s……….of Jody was wonderful. (accept)
4. Fawn’s………….to climb the steps was surprising (refuse)
5. Stephen Hawking is the worthy………….to Issac Newton. (success)
6. The bowmen could shoot at the …….. (enmity)
7. They tried to ……….. each other. (conqueror)
8. The beehives were in large … .. boxes. (wood)
9. The …………… too will be asleep. (watch)
10.”………….. your swords and shine your shields.” (sharp)
11. It was very ………… to go upstream. (risk)
12. The boat was lost in the …………… of night. (dark)
13. “Twenty years ago …………… at this very hour,” said the man. (exact)
14. The watch was ………. with tiny diamonds. (decoration)
15. It has changed a good man into a ………. (rob)
Answers:
1. distance
2. hungry
3. acceptance
4. refusal
5. successor
6. enemy
7. conquer
8. wooden
9. watchman
10. Sharpen
11. risky
12. darkness
13. exactly
14. decorated
15. robber.
Practice Exercise 2.
1. There was an …….. in the school. (assemble)
2. They have stopped this ………. (active)
3. The crocodile spoke ………………. (lazy)
4. Roaring, the tiger said ………………. (worry)
5. They find me ……………. asleep. (peace)
6. …………… the people were disappointed (Natural)
7. I have taken …………. to class VIII. (admit)
8. Our ……………. is a very good man. (library)
9. We make mistakes if we are ………… (care)
10. Good boys are very ………. strangers. (friend)
11. Television is a good ……………… (inveni)
12. They depend on ……………. books. (engineer)
13. The ……….. got the basket of mangoes and the letter. (service)
14. This is something ……………….. (magic)
15. Everybody …………. passed by the big stone (careful)
Answers :
1. assembly
2. activity
3. lazily
4. worriedly
5. peacefully
6. Naturally
7. admission
8. librarian
9. careless
10. friendly
11. invention
12. engineering
13. servant
14. magical
15. carefully