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Chapter 2 Solutions

NCERT IN-TEXT QUESTIONS

Question 1.

Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 1

Question 2.
Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in a solution containing 30% by mass of it in carbon tetrachloride.
Answer:
Let us start with 100 g of the solution in which
Mass of benzene = 30 g
Mass of carbon tetrachloride = 70 g
Molar mass cf benzene (C6H6) = 6 x 12 + 6 x 1 = 78g mol-1.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 2

Question 3.

Answer:

= 0.03M

Question 4.

Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 3
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 4

Question 5.
Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI is 1.202 g mL-1 .
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 5
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 6

Question 6.
H2S a toxic gas with rotten egg smell, is used for the qualitative analysis. If the solubility of H2S in water at S.T.P is 0·195 m ; calculate Henry’s law constant.
Answer:
Step I. Calculation of mole fraction of H2S
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 7
Step II. Calculation of Henry’s Law constant
According to Henry’s Law,
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 8

Question 7.
Henry’s Law constant for CO2 in water is 1·67 x 108 Pa at 298 K. Calculate the quantity of CO2 in 500 mL of soda water when packed under 2·5 atm pressure of CO2 at 298 K. (D.S.B. 2008 Supp.)
Answer:
Step I. Calculation of number of moles of CO2.
According to Henry’s Law,
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 9
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 10
(nCO2 has been neglected as the gas is very little soluble in water)
∴ nCO2 = xCO2 x (27·78 mol) = (1·52 x 10-3) x (27·78 mol) = 0·0422 mol
Step II. Mass of CO2 dissolved in water = (0·0422 mol) x (44 g mol-1) = 1·857 g.

Question 8.
The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at 350 K. Find out the composition of the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg. Also find the composition of the vapour phase.
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 11

Question 9.
The vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23·8 mm Hg. 50 g of Urea (NH2CONH2) is added to 850 g of water. Calculate the vapour pressure of water for this solution and also it’s relative lowering in vapour pressure.
Answer:
Step I. Calculation of vapour pressure of water for the solution
According to Raoult’s Law,
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 12
Step II. Calculation of relative lowering in vapour pressure
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 13

Question 10.
The boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99·63°C. How much sucrose is to be added to 500 g of water so that it may boil at 100°C? (K6 for water = 0·52 K kg mol-1).
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 14

Question 11.

Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 15

Question 12.
Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving 1·0 g of a polymer of molar mass 185,000 in 450 mL of solution at 37°C.
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 16

NCERT EXERCISE

Question 1.
Define the term solution. What kinds of solutions are possible? Write briefly about each type of solution with an example.
Answer:
A true solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. The constituent particle which is in larger amount’’ is called a solvent and that in smaller quantity is called a solute.
TYPES OF SOLUTION
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 17

Question 2.
Give an example of a solid solution in which the solute is a gas.
Answer:
Solid in solid type. E.g: Copper in gold. This type of solutions are called alloys.

Question 3.
Define the following terms :
(i) Mole fraction
(ii) Molality
(iii) Molarity
(iv) Mass percentage.
Answer:
(i) Mole fraction :
The ratio of the number of moles of one component to the total number of moles of all the components present in the solution.
For a binary solution made up of components A and B,
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 18
(ii) Molality:
The number of gram moles of the solute dissolved in 1000 g (or kg) of the solvent.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 19
(iii) Molarity:
The number of gram formula mass of the solute dissolved per litre of the solution.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 20
(iv) Mass percentage:
The number of parts by mass of one component (solute or solvent) per 100 parts by mass of the solution. If A and B are the two components of a binary solution,
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 21

Question 4.
Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in an aqueous solution. What should be the molarity of such a sample of the acid if the density of the solution is 1.504 g mL-1?
Answer:
68% nitric acid by mass means that 68g mass of nitric acid is dissolved in 100g mass of solution. Molar mass of HNO3= 63g mol-1
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 22

Question 5.
A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10 percent W/W. What would be the molality and mole fraction of each component in the solution? If the density of the solution is 1·2 g mL-1, then what should be the molarity of the solution? (C.B.S.E. 2013, Manipur Board 2015)
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 23

Question 6.
How many mL of a 0·1 M HCl are required to react completely with a 1 g mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts of two?
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 24
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 25

Question 7.
A solution is obtained by mixing 300 g of 25% solution and 400 g of 40% solution by mass. Calculate the mass percentage of the resulting solution.
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 26

Question 8.

Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 27

Question 9.
A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform(CHCl3) supposed to be a carcinogen. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass).
(i) Express this in percent by mass.
(ii) Determine the molality of chloroform in a water sample.
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 30
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 31

Question 10.
What role does the molecular interaction play in a solution of alcohol and water?
Answer:
Alcohols dissolve in water due to the formation of intermolecular H-bonding with water.

Question 11.
Why do gases nearly always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?
Answer:
The dissolution of a gas in a liquid is exothermic in nature because the gas contracts in volume.

An increase in temperature will favour the reverse process since it is of endothermic nature. Therefore, the solubility of the gas in the solution decreases with the rise in temperature.

Question 12.
State Henry’s law and mention some important applications.
Answer:
Henry’s law: According to this law, ‘The mass of a gas dissolved per unit volume of a solvent at a constant temperature, is proportional to the pressure of the gas with which the solvent is in equilibrium’.

Let in unit volume of solvent, the mass of the gas dissolved is m and equilibrium pressure is P, then m α P or m = KP, where K is a constant. We can understand Henry’s law by taking the example of soda water bottle. Soda water contains carbon dioxide dissolved in water under pressure.

Applications of Henry’s law:

1. In the production of carbonated beverages: To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks, soda water, bear etc. the bottles are sealed at high pressure.

2. In exchange of gases in the blood: The partial pressure of O2 is high in inhaled air, in lungs it combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin. In tissues, the partial pressure of oxygen is comparatively low therefore oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen in order to carry out cellular activities.

3. In deep-sea diving: Deep-sea divers depend upon compressed air for breathing at high pressure underwater. The compressed air contains N2 in addition to O2, which are not very soluble in blood at normal pressure. However, at great depths when the diver breathes in compressed air from the supply tank, more N2 dissolved in the blood and in other body fluids because the pressure at that depth is far greater than the surface atmospheric pressure. When the divers come towards the surface at atmospheric pressure, this dissolves nitrogen bubbles out of the blood. These bubbles restrict blood flow, affect the transmission of nerve impulses. This causes a disease called bends or decompression sickness. To avoid bends, as well as toxic effects of high concentration of nitrogen in the blood, the tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted with helium (11.7% He, 56.2% N2, and 32.1% O2).

4. At high altitudes: At high altitudes, the partial pressure of O2 is less than that at the ground level. This results in a low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of the people living at high altitudes or climbers. The low blood oxygen causes climbers to become weak and unable to think clearly known as anoxia.

5. Aquatic life: The dissolution of oxygen (from air) in water helps in the existence of aquatic life in various water bodies like Lake, rivers, and sea.

Question 13.
The partial pressure over a saturated solution containing 6·56 x 10-2 g of ethane is 1 bar. If the solution contains 5·0 x 10-2 g of ethane, what shall be the partial pressure of the gas?
Answer:
According to Henry’s law,
The mass of the gas (m) dissolved in solution ∝ Partial pressure (p) (At constant temperature)
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 32

Question 14.
What is meant by positive and negative deviations from Raoult’s law and how is the sign of ∆Hsol related to positive and negative deviations from Raoult’s law?
Answer:
(a) Positive Deviation:
(i) ∆Vmixing is positive: This is quite likely also because in ge presence of weak forces of interaction, interaction, the volume of the solution is bound to increase.
(ii) ∆Hmixing is positive: Energy is needed to form the solution because the components of the solution have to be brought closer to form the solution. Thus, the process of mixing is of endothermic nature.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 33
(b) Negative Deviation:

(i) ∆Vmixing is negative: Because of the increased forces of interaction, the molecules of the two components will come closer and as a result, there is a decrease in the volume of the solution.
(ii) ∆Hmixing is negative: Energy is expected to be released because of the increase in the forces of interaction. Therefore, the process of mixing is exothermic in nature or ∆Hmixing is negative.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 34

Question 15.
An aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the normal boiling point of the solvent. What is the molar mass of the solute?
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 34

Question 16.
Heptane and octane form ideal solutions. At 373 K, the vapour pressure of the two liquid components is 105·2 k Pa and 46·8 k Pa respectively. If the solution contains 25 g of heptane and 35 g of octane, calculate:
(i) Vapour pressure exerted by heptane
(ii) Vapour pressure exerted by octane
(iii) Vapour pressure exerted by the solution
(iv) Mole fraction of octane in the vapour phase. (C.B.S.E. Sample Paper, 2010)
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 36

Question 17.
The vapour pressure of water is 12·3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate the vapour pressure of 1 molal solution in it.
Answer:
1 molal solution implies one mole of the solute dissolved in 1000 g (1 kg) of solvent i.e. water.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 37

Question 18.
Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molar mass 40 g mol-1) which should be dissolved in 114 g octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 38
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 40

Question 19.
A solution containing 30 g of a non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g of water has a vapour pressure of 2·8 k Pa at 298 K. Further 18 g of water is then added to the solution and the new vapour pressure becomes 2·9 k Pa at 298 K. Calculate
(i) Molecular mass of the solute.
(ii) Vapour pressure of water at 298 K. (C.B.S.E. Outside Delhi 2005)
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 41
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 42
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 43

Question 20.
A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has a freezing point of 271 K. Calculate the freezing point of a 5% glucose in water if the freezing point of pure water is 273·15 K. (C.B.S.E. Delhi 2008)
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 44
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 45
Freezing point temperature of glucose solution = (273·15 – 4·085) K = 269·07 K.

Question 21.

Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 46
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 47

Question 22.
At 300 K, 36g of glucose present in a litre of its solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.08 bar. If the osmotic pressure of the solution is 1.52 bars at the same temperature, what would be its concentration?
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 48

Question 23.
Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interactions in the following pairs :

Answer:

  1. Both are non-polar. Hence, intermolecular interactions in them will be London/ dispersion forces (discussed in class XI)
  2. Both are non-polar. Hence, intermolecular interactions in them will be London/ dispersion forces (discussed in class XI)
  3. NaClO4 gives Na+ and ClO4 ions in the solution while water is a polar molecule. Hence, intermolecular interactions in them will be ion-dipole interactions.
  4. Both are polar molecules. Hence intermolecular interactions in them will be dipole-dipole interactions.
  5. Both are polar molecules. Hence intermolecular interactions in them will be dipole-dipole interactions.

Question 24.

Answer:

Question 25.
Among the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble, and highly soluble in water?
(i) phenol
(ii) toluene
(iii) formic acid
(iv) ethylene glycol
(v) chloroform
(vi) pentanol.
Answer:

Question 26.

Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 49

Question 27.
If the solubility product of CuS is 6 x 10-16, calculate the maximum molarity of CuS in aqueous solution.
Answer:
Dissociation of CuS in aqueous solution is :
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 50
By definition, Ksp corresponds to the product of the ionic concentration of the salt in saturated solution and it represents the maximum molarity of the salt. Therefore, maximum molarity of the salt = 2· 45 x 10-8 M.

Question 28.

Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 51

Question 29.

Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 52

Question 30.
Calculate the amount of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) required for preparing 250 mL of 0.15 M solution in methanol 0.15 M solution means that 0.15 mole of benzoic acid is dissolved in 1L of solution.
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions image - 1

Question 31.
The depression in freezing point of water observed for the same amount of acetic acid, trichloroactetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid increases in the order given above. Explain. (C.B.S.E. 2008 Supp.)
Answer:
The depression in freezing point of a solute in water depends upon the number of particles or ions furnished by it in solution or upon its degree of dissociation (α). All the three organic acids ionise in aqueous solution. However, the relative order of acidic strengths is as given below.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 53

This is linked with the electronegativity of the halogen atoms present. Fluorine (F) is more electronegative than (Cl). Under the circumstances, trifluoroacetic acid gives maximum ions in solution since it is the strongest acid. Consequently, the depression in freezing point (∆Tf) is the maximum in this case and is the least for acetic acid which is the weakest acid.

Question 32.

Answer:
Step I. Calculation of degree of dissociation of acid Mass of acid = 10 g
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 54
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 55

Question 33.
19·5 g of CH2 FCOOH is dissolved in 500 g of water. The depression in the freezing point of water observed is 1·0°C. Calculate Van’t Hoff factor and dissociation constant of the acid: Kf = 1·86 K kg mol-1.
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 56

Question 36.
100 g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g mol-1) was dissolved in 1000 g of liquid B (molar mass 180 g mol-1). The vapour pressure of pure liquid B was found to be 500 torrs. Calculate the vapour pressure of pure liquid A and its vapour pressure in the solution if the total vapour pressure of the solution is 475 torr.
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 58

Question 37.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 59
Plot this data also on the same graph paper. Indicate whether it has positive deviation or negative the ideal solution.
Answer:
From the available information:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 60
Since the plot or graph dips downwards, the solution shows a negative deviation from Raoult’s Law.

Question 38.
Benzene and naphthalene form ideal solutions over the entire range of composition. The vapour pressure of pure benzene and naphthalene at 300 K are 50·71 mm Hg and 32·06 mm Hg respectively. Calculate the mole pure fraction of benzene in vapour phase if 80 g of benzene is mixed with 100 g of naphthalene.
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 61

Question 39.
Air is a mixture of a number of gases. The major components are oxygen and nitrogen with the approximate proportion of 20% is to 79% by volume at 298 K. The water is in equilibrium with air at a pressure of 10 atm. At 298 K if Henry’s law constants for oxygen and nitrogen at 298 K are 3·30 x 107 mm and 6·51 x 107 mm respectively, calculate the composition of these gases in water.
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 62

Question 40.
Determine the amount of CaCl2 (i = 2·47) dissolved in 2·5 litre of water so that its osmotic pressure is 0·75 atm at 27°C.
Answer:
According to Van’t Hoff equation :
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions 63

Question 41.
Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K2SO4 in 2 litre of water at 25°C, assuming that it is completely dissociated.
Answer:
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Solutions image - 3

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